Fluvial flooding is perhaps Europe’s most a high profile climate change hazard due to the visible and damaging impacts that it creates. Fluvial flooding occurs when watercourses (rivers, streams) overflow and inundate the surrounding area. Fluvial flooding can occur as a result of drivers including heavy rainfall and also spring snow melt. Indicators are provided by the European Climate Risk Typology that related to projected future rainfall volume and intensity accounting for climate change, and also exposure to current fluvial flooding. Here, exposure refers to the extent to which receptors (e.g. people, infrastructure, assets) are located in areas that could be affected by fluvial flooding.

Reviewing these indicators can inform decisions as to whether fluvial flooding should be addressed within the adaptation planning process. A Z-Score is provided for each indicator. This gives an initial hint as to whether fluvial flooding represents an issue of concern for the NUTS3 region and should therefore be investigated in more detail. If the Z-Score is above zero this highlights that the indicator value for the NUTS3 region lies above the average for all European NUTS3 regions. A Z-Score below zero demonstrates that the indicator value is below the European average. The higher (or lower) the Z-Score, the further the value for the NUTS3 region is away from the European average. The European Climate Risk Typology provides further statistical data on each indicator (including minimum, maximum, mean, median and standard deviation), and related maps and visualisations, which can support decision making

Pluvial flooding, or surface water flooding, is caused by excessive rainwater runoff that overwhelms the capacity of drainage systems. Pluvial flooding is a growing threat to European cities and urban areas.

Reviewing these indicators can inform decisions as to whether pluvial flooding should be addressed within the adaptation planning process. A Z-Score is provided for each indicator. This gives an initial hint as to whether pluvial flooding represents an issue of concern for the NUTS3 region and should therefore be investigated in more detail. If the Z-Score is above zero this highlights that the indicator value for the NUTS3 region lies above the average for all European NUTS3 regions. A Z-Score below zero demonstrates that the indicator value is below the European average. The higher (or lower) the Z-Score, the further the value for the NUTS3 region is away from the European average. The European Climate Risk Typology provides further statistical data on each indicator (including minimum, maximum, mean, median and standard deviation), and related maps and visualisations, which can support decision making.

Precipitation projection indicators alone will not provide a full picture of the degree to which pluvial flooding is a significant hazard locally. Consideration of other indicators can further inform decisions on whether this climate threat should be include within the adaptation planning process, especially those concerning urban land use characteristics. Indeed, the interaction between rainfall and urban form, including factors such as the amount of greenspaces and impermeable surfaces, is key to understanding pluvial flooding. Projected changes in population density can therefore be useful to consider as this highlights the potential for urban densification and a corresponding increase in hard surfaces. The European Climate Risk Typology includes indicator data on each of these themes, which can further support the assessment of whether pluvial flooding is a climate threat that should be included in the adaptation planning process.

Coastal flooding can be caused by storm surges, which can occur when low pressure combines with strong winds to drive water towards the coast line resulting in elevated water levels. If this coincides with a high tide, the magnitude of flooding will be greater. Coastal flooding may also be driven by sea level rise linked to climate change. Indicator data is available via the European Climate Risk Typology on both of these drivers of coastal flooding. Some of the indicators relate to potential exposure to coastal flooding associated with sea level rise. Here, exposure refers to the extent to which receptors (e.g. people, infrastructure, and other assets) are located in areas that could be affected by coastal flooding, in this case related to a 1 metre rise in sea level.

Reviewing these indicators can inform decisions as to whether coastal flooding should be addressed within the adaptation planning process. A Z-Score is provided for each indicator. This gives an initial hint as to whether coastal flooding represents an issue of concern for the NUTS3 region and should therefore be investigated in more detail. If the Z-Score is above zero this highlights that the indicator value for the NUTS3 region lies above the average for all European NUTS3 regions. A Z-Score below zero demonstrates that the indicator value is below the European average. The higher (or lower) the Z-Score, the further the value for the NUTS3 region is away from the European average. The European Climate Risk Typology provides further statistical data on each indicator (including minimum, maximum, mean, median and standard deviation), and related maps and visualisations, which can support decision making.

High temperatures and heat waves have the potential to cause negative impacts on people and infrastructure, although in some regions of Europe increasing temperatures may have a positive impact on the agricultural sector and in terms of reducing effects on human negative health. There is no universal standard definition of a heat wave, although they are generally regarded as periods of extremely high temperature that exceeds a certain threshold (which varies depending on location and sector being considered) for a set number of days.

Reviewing these indicators can help to determine whether high temperatures should be addressed within the adaptation planning process. A Z-Score is provided for each indicator. This gives an initial hint as to whether high temperatures represents an issue of concern for the NUTS3 region and should therefore be investigated in more detail. If the Z-Score is above zero this highlights that the indicator value for the NUTS3 region lies above the average for all European NUTS3 regions. A Z-score below zero demonstrates that the indicator value is below the European average. The higher (or lower) the Z-Score, the further the value for the NUTS3 region is away from the European average. The European Climate Risk Typology provides further statistical data on each indicator (including minimum, maximum, mean, median and standard deviation), and related maps and visualisations, which can support decision making.

Consideration of other indicator themes alongside those related to high temperatures can also aid decisions on whether high temperatures should be include within the adaptation planning process. Here, indicators concerning the demographic characteristics of the population are particularly relevant. For example, young and elderly people are more prone to negative health impacts arising from exposure to high temperatures. The European Climate Risk Typology includes indicator data on current and projected proportion of the population under 15 and over 64 years of age, which can be utilised in this way to help determine whether high temperatures is an issue to build into the adaptation planning process.

Droughts are defined differently according to whether they are meteorological, hydrological, agricultural, environmental or socio-economic. According to the European Environment Agency ¹⁾http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/river-flow-drought meteorological drought concerns ‘precipitation well below average’, hydrological drought  relates to ‘low river flows, lake and groundwater levels, agricultural drought is measured according to ‘soil moisture deficit’, environmental drought is determined according to ‘impact on ecosystems’ and socio-economic drought occurs when there is ‘impact on economic goods and services’. Water scarcity is related to drought, and can often exacerbate its effects. The European Environment Agency notes that water scarcity arises in many of Europe’s regions due to an imbalance between water supply and demand. Data on the following indicators, developed within the European Climate Risk Typology, can support decisions as to whether drought should be addressed within the adaptation planning process.

Reviewing these indicators can inform decisions as to whether drought should be addressed within the adaptation planning process. A Z-Score is provided for each indicator. This gives an initial hint as to whether drought represents an issue of concern for the NUTS3 region and should therefore be investigated in more detail. If the Z-Score is above zero this highlights that the indicator value for the NUTS3 region lies above the average for all European NUTS3 regions. A Z-Score below zero demonstrates that the indicator value is below the European average. The higher (or lower) the Z-Score, the further the value for the NUTS3 region is away from the European average. The European Climate Risk Typology provides further statistical data on each indicator (including minimum, maximum, mean, median and standard deviation), and related maps and visualisations, which can support decision making.

However, indicators on consecutive dry days cannot themselves demonstrate whether drought is an issue of concern for a particular area. Other factors should also be considered, for example whether the number of consecutive dry days is projected to increase in an area where drought is already a problem. Socio-economic factors can also intensify the risk of droughts occurring. The European Climate Risk Typology includes data on relevant indicators including projected future population change and projected change in population density. This data can provide further insights into the importance of drought as a climate threat to be considered within the adaptation planning process.

Reviewing these indicators can inform decisions as to whether extreme cold should be addressed within the adaptation planning process. A Z-Score is provided for each indicator. This gives an initial hint as to whether extreme cold represents an issue of concern for the NUTS3 region and should therefore be investigated in more detail. If the Z-Score is above zero this highlights that the indicator value for the NUTS3 region lies above the average for all European NUTS3 regions. A Z-Score below zero demonstrates that the indicator value is below the European average. The higher (or lower) the Z-Score, the further the value for the NUTS3 region is away from the European average. The European Climate Risk Typology provides further statistical data on each indicator (including minimum, maximum, mean, median and standard deviation), and related maps and visualisations, which can support decision making.

Climate change projections highlight that minimum temperatures are increasing, whilst the number of frost days and ice days are falling. Whilst it may seem that extreme cold will be less of a climate threat in the future, the extent to which changes in the occurrence and extent of extreme cold events are a concern for a particular location will depend on factors including whether sectors that rely on cold weather (e.g. winter sports) or would benefit from a reduction in cold weather (e.g. agriculture) are significant to the local economy.

Storms can cause considerable harm and damage to people and infrastructure. Different features of storm events include coastal storm surges, heavy rainfall and high winds, which can be experienced separately or in combination depending on factors including location and atmospheric conditions.  Coastal storm surges are caused when low pressure combines with strong winds to drive water towards the coast line resulting in elevated water levels and potentially flooding in some areas. If this coincides with a high tide, the magnitude of flooding will be greater. Storms may also be associated with intense precipitation events causing fluvial and pluvial flooding. Indicators related to both of these aspects of storms are provided within the European Climate Risk Typology.

Reviewing these indicators can inform decisions as to whether storms should be addressed as an element of the adaptation planning process. A Z-Score is provided for each indicator. This gives an initial hint as to whether storms represents an issue of concern for the NUTS3 region and should therefore be investigated in more detail. If the Z-Score is above zero this highlights that the indicator value for the NUTS3 region lies above the average for all European NUTS3 regions. A Z-Score below zero demonstrates that the indicator value is below the European average. The higher (or lower) the Z-Score, the further the value for the NUTS3 region is away from the European average. The European Climate Risk Typology provides further statistical data on each indicator (including minimum, maximum, mean, median and standard deviation), and related maps and visualisations, which can support decision making.

It should be noted that relying solely on the indicators included in the European Climate Risk Typology will not provide a definitive answer as to whether storms are a threat locally. Other issues will also need to be taken into account including the potential for high winds associated with storm events, which can cause considerable damage to people and infrastructure.

• Select the city/municipality that is being studied (step 1), the relevant climate threat (‘overstroming’, step 3), and the scenario for the current situation ²⁾ Future scenarios for this climate threat are not available.(Scenario ‘Huidig’, step 7).
• To understand the risk this climate threat poses on the selected area, select ‘Overlijdensrisico overstroming 2050 per jaar’³⁾The year 2050 has been chosen to provide a long term outlook on the effect of this climate threat. under ‘Risks’ (Step 5). The colours on the map indicate the chance that a person in a floodprone area dies as a result of a flooding event in 2050. The risks vary from <0,1 million to > 100.000.
• Download the pdf of this map or take a printscreen (step (10)
• Discuss with stakeholders whether these risks are acceptable or should be addressed in an adaptation strategy.

• Select the city/municipality that is being studied (step 1), the relevant climate threat (‘Wateroverlast’, step 3),
• To understand the risk this climate threat poses on the selected area, two scenarios can be created:
• Select the scenario ‘W+ 2050’⁴⁾The year 2050 has been chosen to provide a long term outlook on the effect of this climate threat. (step 7) and ‘1:100 Bui’ under ‘Effects’ (Step 4). The colours on the map indicate the amount of runoff (mm per m2) during an extreme rainfall event of 88 mm in 24 hours, which expected to occur once every 100 years.
• Select the current scenario ‘Huidig’ (step 7) and ‘1:10 Bui’ under ‘Effects’ (Step 4). The colours on the map indicate the amount of runoff (mm per m2) during an extreme rainfall event of 54 mm in 24 hours, which expected to occur once every 10 years.
• Download the pdf of this map or take a printscreen (step (10)
• If necessary, discuss with experts what the consequences of these runoffs would be for the city/asset.
• Discuss with stakeholders whether these risks are acceptable or should be addressed in an adaptation strategy.

• Select the city/municipality that is being studied (step 1), the relevant climate threat (‘Droogte’, step 3), and the scenario ‘W+ 2050’ (step 7).
• To understand the risk this climate threat poses on the selected area, select ‘Droogtestress’ under ‘Effects’ (Step 4). The colours on the map indicate the maximum yearly water deficit (millimeter) of a continuous stretch of grass for a period of 10 consecutive days. This can be used as an indicator for water stress in agricultural and natural areas.
• Download the pdf of this map or take a printscreen (step (10)
• If necessary, discuss with experts what the consequences of these results would be for the city.
• Discuss with stakeholders whether these risks are acceptable or should be addressed in an adaptation strategy.

• Select the city/municipality that is being studied (step 1) and the relevant climate threat (‘Hitte’, step 3)
• To understand the risk this climate threat poses on the selected area, two scenarios can be created:
• Select the current scenario ‘Huidig’ (step 7) and ‘Oppervlakte hitte-eiland Dag’ under ‘Effects’ (Step 4). The colours indicate the difference in surface temperature with the area surrounding the city during the day (surface heat island).
• Select the ‘W+ 2050’scenario (step 7) and ‘Aantal nachten boven 20 graden’ under ‘Effects’ (Step 4). The colours indicate the number of nights the minimum air temperature will not drop below 20 degrees Celsius which will affect night’s sleep.
• Select the ‘W+ 2050’scenario (step 7) and ‘Aandeel 65plus’ under ‘Gevoelige functies’ (step 5). The colours indicate the percentage of elderly people (aged 65 and higher), who are most sensitive to heat stress, in a certain neighbourhood.
• Download the pdf of this map or take a printscreen (step (10)
• If necessary, discuss with experts what the consequences of these results would be for the city.
• Discuss with stakeholders whether these risks are acceptable or should be addressed in an adaptation strategy.